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Displayed Formulae: The following compounds, drawn using the conventions used herein,
H H H H H
C=C-C-C-O-H···O
H H H H H
are the same as the following, which are drawn in a more technically correct fashion.
H H H H H
\ ¦ ¦ ¦ /
C==C--C--C--H · · · O
/ ¦ ¦ ¦ \
H H H H H
The former is more compact and easier to write than the "correct" fashion. When two atoms are not related, they will not touch. If one atom is above another, it shall be deemed that a single bond is present. In cases where a compound cannot be drawn clearly with the compact notation, the second form will be used instead.
Description: Saturated hydrocarbons (maximum number of Hydrogens, no double bonds).
Typical Formula: CnH2n+2
Typical Sources: Crude Oil.
Typical Uses: The smaller alkane chains are more useful. Petrol is an alkane, and is used for fuel.
Example: Hexane
Formula: C6H14
H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H H
Reactions:
Additional Reagents: Halogen, e.g. Bromine (Br2)
Reaction Conditions: Photochemical (light).
Products: Halogenoalkane and either Halogenohydride or Hydrogen, e.g. Bromohexane (CH3(CH2) 4CH2Br) and Bromohydride (HBr) or 2-Bromohexane (CH3(CH2) 4CHBr2) and Hydrogen (H2).
Reaction Type: Uncontrollable free radical substitution reaction.
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H + Br2 → H-C-C-C-C-C-C-Br + HBr
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H Br
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H + Br2 → H-C-C-C-C-C-C-Br + H2
H H H H H H H H H H H H
Additional Reagents: Oxygen (O2)
Products: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O).
Reaction Type: Combustion.
Notes: Strongly exothermic, typically used with Petrol.
H H H H H H
2 H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H + 19 O2 → 12 CO2 + 14 H2O
H H H H H H
Reaction Conditions: Catalyst, High Temperatures (eg, 200-300°C).
Products: Smaller (more useful) alkanes, very useful alkenes.
Reaction Type: Catalyctic Cracking.
Notes: This processed is used in processing crude oil.
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H → H-C-C-H + C=C-C-C-H
H H H H H H H H H H H
Comments:
Description: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (compounds containg Carbon and Hydrogen atoms, with double bonds present).
Typical Formula: CnH2n
Typical Reactions: Alkenes undergo addition reactions usually by electrophilic reagents.
Typical Sources: ???
Typical Uses: ??? Many
Remarks: Alkenes are extremely useful chemicals because of the variety of compounds that can be made from them.
Example: Ethene
Formula: C2H4
H H
C=C also drawn as CH2CH2 or H2C=CH2
H H
Reactions:
Additional Reagents: Halogen in non-aqueous solvent, e.g. Bromine (Br2) in Lowtoxane (A commerical, non-toxic, solvent)
Products: Dihalogenoalkane, e.g. 1,2-Dibromohexane (CH2Br-CH2Br).
Reaction Type: Electrophilic addition.
H H Br Br
C=C + Br2 → H-C-C-H
H H H H
Additional Reagents: Halogeohydride in non-aqueous solvent, e.g. Bromohydride (HBr) in Lowtoxane (A commerical, non-toxic, solvent)
Products: Halogenoalkane, e.g. Bromohexane (CH3-CH2Br).
Reaction Type: Electrophilic addition.
H H H Br
C=C + HBr → H-C-C-H
H H H H
Additional Reagents: Water (H2O) with Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) catalyst.
Products: Alchohol, e.g. Ethanol.
Reaction Type: Catalysed Electrophilic Hydration.
H H H+H
C=C + H2SO4 → H-C=C
H H H H
Comments:
Names: The following chemicals are produced by reactions mentioned above but are not listed separately.
Comments: